Essay on Hubris in the Iliad - 764 Words

In Homers epic, The Iliad, there are many great characters, both mortal and immortal. However, no characters seem to match the greatness and importance of Achilles, the mightiest of the Greeks and Hector, Trojan prince and mightiest of the Trojans. Although they are the mightiest of their forces, their attitudes and motives for the Greek-Trojan war are completely different. Since birth, mighty Achilles was destined for greatness as Thetis, his father was told that he would bear a son greater than himself. After his birth he was granted immortality when his mother dipped him in the river Styx, however she forgot to wet his heel which ironically led to his downfall which in todays terms is known as the Achilles heel. Since Achilles†¦show more content†¦Although his father Priam begs Hector to retreat behind the safety of the walls, knowing Achilles will most likely kill the last of his sons, Hector believes this is his fate to fight Achilles. Pride and honor play a role in preventing Hector from backing down. However this is where Achilles turns out to be more hero-like than Hector as Hector backs off when he is confronted with Achilles one on one. Each hero responds in a different manner to this conflict. Hector, in this case, decides to flee from Achilles, who chases him. Achilles, vengefully kills Hector with a spear to the throat which is the only part of Hector‘s body which isnt covered with Patroclus‘ armor. After Hector dies Achilles shamelessly desecrates the body and allows Greek soldiers to have a piece of Hector by cutting him. These actions do not follow the warrior code of the Greeks, which in turn angers the gods. When Achilles and his soldiers gain pleasure from repeatedly stabbing Hectors lifeless and bloody corpse, Achilles true nature is shown, and according to the heroic code, this should take away his title as a hero. In my mind Hector was more of a hero than Achilles although Achilles survived and Hector didnt. Hector died for the Trojans and died in the glory of battle whereas Achilles downgrades himself by attacking the lifeless corpse and gains pleasure. Also Achilles takes Hectors body and keeps it as a ransom. Knowing Hectors father, Priam, would step on GreekShow MoreRelatedAchilles Hero Behavior Cycle in the Iliad Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pageslearn from both their achievements and their mistakes. They believed that most great leaders and warriors followed a predictable behavior cycle, which often ended tragically. In Homer’s epic poem, The Iliad, Achilles is a great warrior who traces the stages of the behavior cycle twice, from arete to hubris to ate and then to nemesis. Achilles is a highly skilled warrior and a great leader who becomes a narcissist and an arrogant person, which leads to selfish and childish behavior resulting in the deathRead MoreHeoes of the Iliad and the Odyssey1610 Words   |  7 Pagesway through out the great epics of the time. It is perhaps the single most important entity to some of the most renowned heroes. However, the desire for honor seems to have the power to lead such famous men into the clutches of â€Å"excessive pride†, or hubris (Oxford Dictionaries.com). A s a result, choices tend motivated by the idea of increasing not only their honor, but soothing their insulted pride. Their actions tend to be chosen because of their honor was insulted, which as a result has wounded theirRead MoreIliad - Self image1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Iliad Essay Prompt 1. Complete one take home essay. Provide textual evidence, specific lines and incidents from The Iliad that proves your thesis. You may also draw from The Odyssey. Use in text parenthetical documentation according to MLA standards. The style guide that many colleges use is DianaHacker.com. We will use this style guide for both MLA format and grammar and mechanics. If you have any questions about MLA format, refer to DianaHacker.com. This paper needs to read asRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1215 Words   |  5 Pagesall traits that embody the modern hero. This was not always the case, however. In ancient literature, the heroes are not good role models, most of the time. Gilgamesh in The Epic of Gilgamesh is prideful and selfish in his conquests. Achilles in The Iliad drug his enemy’s body around his friend’s funeral pyre for days on end. Heroines in ancient literature are closest to what is considered a hero today, even if their methods are unconventional. Lysistrata in Lysistrata leads a sex strike in order toRead MoreAchilles: God or Beast?1170 Words   |  5 PagesHomer’s famous poem, The Iliad. Son of the goddess nymph Thetis and the king of the Myrmidons, Peleus, Achilles is a semi-god, known throughout and beyond Greece for his strength and fighting abilities. Stories on the epic hero Achilles are numerous, like the legend of Prometheus’, the fore thinker, prophec y regarding the birth of Thetis’ son, or the legend of Achilles bathing in the Styx River. However, Achilles name was made immortal with the tale of the Trojan War in Homer’s Iliad. In fact, the majorRead MoreThose Who Exalt Themselves : The Pride Of Hektor Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesvastly different place in ancient Greek culture. Indeed, it was often inextricably tied to their concept of glory and heroism. Be as that may, Homer, in The Iliad of Homer, despite it being one of the most well-known pieces of ancient Greek literature, portrays pride in a more negative light than was the norm of his time. Pride in the Iliad most often causes much destruction and ends up being the downfall of many key characters, including Achilleus and Agamemnon. When the pride of Agamemnon is suchRead MoreThe Character of Achilles in Homers Illiad Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor debate among those studying Homers classic epic The Iliad. Ironically, though there is very little physical description of Achilleus in The Iliad, he is perhaps the most thoroughly developed character in the epic. It seems as though Achilleus has a tendency to make a very strong impression on the reader, and often a bad one at that. Those who dislike Achilleus in particular attack his overpowering sense of personal pride, or hubris, in Greek terminology, as demonstrated fully in his actionsRead MoreReligion As A Strong Value For The Early Greek Society Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesrespected. If a mortal committed hubris against them then they would be struck down. Often, Greeks would ask for favors from their Gods. This means that the relationship between the Greeks and their Deities would be one of give and take. We see this relationship in Homer’s works, particularly The Iliad. For example, a priest of Apollo, Chryse, claims that if Apollo has ever been pleased by Chryse’s acts of worship then the God should strike down the Danaans in return (Iliad.1.36-42). Th is shows the readerRead MoreThe Iliad Character Analysis749 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout Homer’s epic poem, â€Å"The Iliad,† the Trojans and the Greeks fight a violent war. Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite engage in a contest to know who the fairest Pantheon goddess is. Zeus, the king of Gods, chooses Paris, â€Å"a man who [keeps] his word† (Friedman), to elect the most beautiful goddess, but Aphrodite bribes him by saying â€Å"Helen of Sparta, the most beautiful woman in the world will fall in love with you†(Friedman 3). Seduced by the goddess of love’s offer, Paris immediately declaresRead MoreComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesOdyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have argued that Homer did not compose the Iliad and the

Consequences Of Work Family Conflicts And Enrichment

Consequences of Work Family Conflicts and Enrichment Role accumulation and work-family enrichment There are three ways in which participation in multiple roles—often referred to as role accumulation—can produce positive outcomes for individuals. First, work experiences and family experiences can have additive effects on well-being. Research has consistently demonstrated that role accumulation can have beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being, especially when the roles are of high quality. In addition, satisfaction with work and satisfaction with family have been found to have additive effects on an individual’s happiness, life satisfaction, and perceived quality of life. Such research suggests that individuals who participate in—and are satisfied with—work and family roles experience greater well-being than those who participate in only one of the roles or who are dissatisfied with one or more of their roles. Second, participation in both work and family roles can buffer individuals from distress in one of the roles. For examp le, research has shown that the relationship between family stressors and impaired well-being is weaker for individuals who have more satisfying, high-quality work experiences. In a similar vein, the relationship between work stress and impaired well-being is attenuated for individuals who have a more satisfying, high-quality family life. These moderator effects suggest that a diverse portfolio of social roles buffers an individualShow MoreRelatedThe Arrangement Of The Staff1093 Words   |  5 Pagesboth partners work and share responsibility for family care-giving (Greenhaus et al., 2000). In fact, recent research indicates that 85% of employees report having some day-to-day family responsibilities (Bond et al., 1998). These changing demographic trends, coupled with greater family involvement by men (Pleck, 1985) and heightened interest of employers in employee’s quality of life (Zedeck Mosier, 1990) prompted a proliferation of research on the relationship between work and family roles. InterestRead MoreA significant component of an employee’s well-being in today’s world is the ability to maintain a2400 Words   |  10 Pagesto maintain a healthy balance between their profession and family life. As the prevalence of dual income families has increased, so has the idea of maintaining the responsibilities at home, as well as, ensuring one is productive at work. The attainment of work-life balance continues to be a prominent standard not only for employees in the workforce, but also for the organizations that employ them (McMillan, Morris, Atchley, 2011). Work/life concerns are dominant across all cultures and can involveRead MoreAcc 556 Week 11028 Words   |  5 PagesAccountant Date: 10/8/2011 Re: Government Bid Occupational fraud is defined as the use of a person’s job for individual enrichment through the purposeful mishandling or misapplication of his or her employer’s capital or assets (Wells, 2005). Occupational fraud can have a serious impact with far-reaching consequences. In 2004 for the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) conducted a survey that provided 508 usable studies of fraud for a total of over $761Read MoreThe Leadership Of The Salvation Army For Twenty Five Years1025 Words   |  5 PagesSleepy Hills Homeowners Association, Jim Turner has spent numerous hours in the past three years attending meetings with organizational staff and Mr. Morris, discussing problems and concerns. Morris’ staff conveyed that they respected him for his work ethic, faith, and dedication to the project. On the other hand, his staff felt he underutilized there potential and team spirit declined. Mr. Turner noted that Morris was solely concerned that construction expectations were met each day and was notRead MoreSmith v Ministry of Defence [2013] UKSC 411228 Words   |  5 PagesSmith has been subject to a great deal of controversy and scrutiny. Legal scholars and lawyers, judges, the Ministry of Defence (MoD), its Service personnel, and, their families, have joined in on the debate. It is suggested that there is need of reform, sooner rather than later , as the Smith case â€Å"will have damaging consequences for military effectiveness† . Is it safe to say that the Government could propose some sort of reform? Will this reform be satisfactory to all those affected? ThisRead MoreTwo Content Theories Of Motivation Essay3060 Words   |  13 Pagesinsurance, and pension plan. Social Needs These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as doe’s involvement in social, community, or company. Esteem Needs After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need forRead MoreThe Work Life Balance : An Integral Part Of The Human Resource Department Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, achieving work-life balance has become an integral part of the human resource department in most companies. The work life balance phenomenon has risen due to the various economic, demographical, and cultural changes that have led to the rise in more women integration in the workplace, a number of couples working away from home, technological advancements, and the overriding need among many employees to have more flexibility at work. Such social and economic changes have subsequentlyRead MoreEDST 1002 midterm ERU Essay examples2082 Words   |  9 Pagesstudent to work completely independently, regardless of success or failure Using highly structure materials to introduce new content rather than semi-structured tasks 17. According to Erickson, id a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to Encounter problems with resolution of crises Forget the crisis and progress normally Remain at the unresolved stage until the crisis is resolved Resolve the crisis at a later stage 18. Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trustRead MoreMarraige Counceling5817 Words   |  24 PagesCounselling 3 1.1.3 Purpose of the Helper 4 1.1.4 Relavent Core Relational Conditions 4 1.1.5 Degree Of Structure Needed 5 1.1.6 In What Format Does Counselling Take Place 5 1.2 MARRIAGE ENRICHMENT 7 1.2.1 Definition of Marriage Enrichment 7 1.2.2 Purpose of Marriage Enrichment Counselling 7 1.2.3 Purpose of the Helper 7 1.2.4 Relavent Core Relational Conditions 8 1.2.5 Degree of Structure needed 9 1.2.6 In What Format Does Counselling Take Place 9 1.3Read MoreEssay about Identification2555 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Identification remains critical to ensuring that children receive the services they need to thrive in school† (2003, 1). There are several problems educators deal with when identifying gifted students. First, students from economically disadvantaged families or from culturally diverse backgrounds are considerably underrepresented in gifted programs. Also, gifted children with other noted disabilities are not represented. These students, also called twice-exceptional students, are especially hard to

My Career as a Pharmacist Free Essays

According to the L.A. deputy district attorney who prosecuted Winona Ryder for shoplifting in 2002, the whacked-out actress was a walking pharmacopeia. We will write a custom essay sample on My Career as a Pharmacist or any similar topic only for you Order Now When she was arrested, Ryder was carrying eight (yes, 8) different types of painkillers and tranquilizers in her purse. Ryder insisted that she had prescriptions for all but one of them. That was true. She neglected to mention, however, that she had used several bogus names to get them (http://anecdotage.com/index. php?aid=17259). From this anecdote, I come to realize more the Great responsibilities of a pharmacist, one of our next-door heroes where we entrust the community and our family’s health. With the great deal knowing how a medicine works and what its composition to say its safe for human consumption were the few things learned during the academic years. But why did I choose this career, what is Doctor of pharmacy had to do with my lifetime goal? What will it take me to be successful with my chosen choice of career? With the increasing number of school offering Pharmacy, candidates competing for available seats are just few proofs that the career I have chosen despite its complexity is more than the job with multiple offers. It’s well paid and well respected in the field of medicine. With the enormous demand for pharmacy professionals one have to consider the rigorous requirements of becoming a Doctor of Pharmacy, a professional degree that needs prior college level of study. For some instances, people who finished a five years pharmacy degree may seek Pharm. D. But this is just one step of becoming a registered pharmacist, there still the preparation and completion of pre-pharmacy requirement, and after that the preparation again for passing the licensure examination. After all of these undertakings, it is now worthwhile that my dreams and goals are materializing, being a part of a medical healthcare team, in touch with people for best drug and non-drug treatment for particular illness, gender and sex, as I can work inside a healthcare facility or being simply a retailer. The continuous modernization in drug therapy that goes with development of technology gives me more excitement because it meant for the increased demand for pharmacist. The work I am competent in, my passion. In this time of modern innovations my career gives me an ongoing enthusiasm for improvement. Accessibility of pharmacies plays a key role in drug distribution during emergencies or simply seeking advice for a particular medicine, prescribing the best drug without its side effects. With the â€Å"war on drugs† between lawmakers and pharmaceutical company, I can only hope that public will benefit, for cheaper generic prescriptions. There may be growing competitions in this field but the zeal and enthusiasm in me create a positive impact. I know that quality and success don’t happen overnight. A passion you have to do from start to finish. Thus, each day I woke up I see to it that it is full of energy and inspiration, because I am meeting different people with different needs on medications and alike. You don’t know whom the medicine for and what’s in their heart that they carry. Remember that being a registered Pharmacist doesn’t end on giving the right medical information and advice but doing a job well done is staying the person you are. Sharing a smile is more than just the best drug you suggest to use but the hope you impart on their soul. This makes my work and passion more rewarding. REFERENCES Whaley, Bryan B.(2000). Explaining Illness: Research, Theory and Strategies. Mahwah, New Jersey New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. iii Winona Ryder: Walking Pharmacy (2002). Retrieved from the Web June 1,2006.    How to cite My Career as a Pharmacist, Essay examples

The American Red Cross (ARC) free essay sample

The American Red Cross was founded by Clara Barton in 1881. Barton, a civil war nurse, was credited with establishing the early works of what is currently known as the American Red Cross. The mission of the American Red Cross is to give relief to victims of disasters and to help citizens to prepare, prevent and respond to emergencies. This organization was built on the premise that most of its support would come in the form of volunteers simply giving back to their fellow Americans in times of need. Over the years, the American Red Cross transformed into a business designed to handle monetary donations as well as manpower for those requiring aid in times of disasters or emergencies. Naturally the American Red Cross would have developed business ethics to govern itself accordingly. Business ethics is comprised of principles, values, and standards that guide behavior in the world of business (Ferrell, 2011). The principal is what the business sets as its boundaries for good business behaviors and will often stay within the realms of what is acceptable for the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Red Cross (ARC) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stakeholders monitor and pay attention to the ethical behaviors of its organization. The outcome will determine how the business is seen by the outside world. Values are what is normally accepted by society. Business ethics have several benefits which include employee commitment, investor loyalty, customer satisfaction, and the bottom line. Employee commitment is based upon those employees that have made a person promise of sacrifice for that particular business or organization. They have linked their employment future to the company and will stay for several years. Investor loyalty depends on how the business functions in terms of keeping its code of ethics at a high level. The reputation of a company plays a major part of whether an investor continues to associate with the company. The company’s ethical culture can have a direct effect on its profits as well. Therefore, gaining investors’ trust and confidence is vital to sustaining the financial stability of the firm (Ferrell, 2011). Customer satisfaction is the most important benefactor of business ethics. The company must work hard to maintain the approval sought through the satisfaction of the loyal customer base. It can do so by keeping up with the likes and dislikes of its customers as well as form a strategy that will strengthen the relationship between the customers and the stakeholders. The bottom line is profits that the company can show at the end of the year. Profits add to the success of the company and help with its survival in the future role that it plays in determining if the company will remain in existence. Determine and discuss the role that ARC’s stakeholder orientation played in this scenario. Stakeholder orientation is summed up as an understanding of the needs of its stakeholders and how those needs are met to the satisfaction of the stakeholders. Organizational capabilities involve the combination, coordination and deployment of organizational competences, which are directed towards the strategic purpose of the organization (Keelson, 2013). Organizational capabilities can also be described as an organizational ability to perform a coordinated task, utilizing organizational resources, for the purpose of achieving a particular end result (Keelson, 2013). Three components of the stakeholder’s orientation are: 1) gathering data about the stakeholders, 2) that the information gathered be distributed throughout the company by the employees, 3) the reaction of the company to adhere to the rules of the stakeholders and what is being done to inform all of the expectations to exceed or abide by what is expected. The American Red Cross has an obligation to fulfill its role as a non-profit charitable organization to the stakeholders. Any negative activity or behavior of the organization has a direct reflection on the stakeholders. Starting with those chosen to lead the American Red Cross. Beginning with the time period of 1999, the Red Cross has had seven acting or permanently appointed director to leave office without completing their full terms. Each left due to some sort of misconduct on their parts. The American Red Cross was becoming an agency known for hiring and firing rather than developing a strong organizational base. In additional to the high rate of directors being fired or resigning, they would receive substantial severance pay amounts as a part of their termination. Leadership at the lower levels also showed signs of weakness and distrust as there were incidents of mismanaged funds and embezzlement. The American Red Cross updated it â€Å"Ethics Rules and Policy† statements. All employees and volunteers associated with the organization were required to sign the document. Congress forced the American Red Cross to be more visible with their practices in 2006 amid allegations of missing funds and other wrongdoings. In 2005, following a natural disaster, an article was published in the New York Times pertaining to the American Red Cross. Several editorials pertaining to the ARC, such as one calling into question the trust and loyalty that is granted to the organization (Groscurth, 2013). According to this editorial, the American Red Cross represents all that is right and wrong with the American preference for federal disaster response to be carried out by private volunteers rather than government (Groscurth, 2013). Determine and discuss the ways in which ARC’s corporate governance failed to provide formalized responsibility to their stakeholders. There are several ways that the American Red Cross corporate governance failed to provide formalized responsibilities to their stakeholders. Beginning in the year 1999, with the resignation of Elizabeth Dole, the role of the Board of Directors chair person has been weak. The American Red Cross has wasted time seeking candidates that have not fulfilled the requirements need to successfully manage a large conglomerate such as the Red Cross. The lack of leadership caused a negative effect on the reputation of an industry that took years to build. There was no standard of punishment for the actions of those trusted to run an organization such as the Red Cross. The Red Cross did not take a serious look at updating their policies and procedures until year later. Stakeholders can be informed by allowing different departments to engage in similar practices to be attentive to and address the demands of their various stakeholders (Maigan, 2011). By combining these practices, businesses would become able to manage and act upon stakeholder information much more systematically and efficiently (Maigan, 2011). Recommend steps that ARC could follow to improve their stakeholder perspective. To improve their stakeholder perspective, the American Red Cross could be to continuously address stakeholder’s needs as an ongoing effort. They should discuss and re-evaluate the role of the American Red Cross and seek ways to always improve upon it. Review what the ARC stands for and what the stakeholder’s expectations are in order to fulfill the needs effectively. The American Red Cross must continue to monitor all of its actions so that mistakes of the past are not repeated. All stakeholders should be given accountability for their roles and allowed to examine what need revamping or restructuring so that the Red Cross can remain a great organization. References

Rupert McCall Essays - Poetic Rhythm, Rhyme, Poetic Form

Rupert McCall Jason McCall, more communally known as Rupert McCall has been called the modern day banjo Patterson and Henry Lawson. He has the ability to express his emotions though his poetry with a warm and compelling simplicity. He has the ability to combine passion with humor in his poetry which captures the hearts of all true Australian's, from school kids to sports fans and blue-collar workers to businessmen. When reading Rupert's poetry it's easy to get caught up in the emotion, patriotism and true aussie pride that he has of this beautiful country that exists in his poetry. Rupert McCall is a 26-year-old solicitor who has put his legal career on hold to peruse his number one passion - poetry and creative writing. He went on a tour of the 163 world hotspots as part of his research and mental preparation for his third book entitled "Green and Gold Malaria" which has already sold 60000 copies. Rupert has also produced a CD, which has nearly reached gold status. The image that comes across in his poetry is one of a "True Blue Aussie". He writes about things in a way that only a true Aussie would understand. His poetry is on topics such as cricket, AFL and proud Australian moments such as the Australian Rugby team winning the World Cup. If an immigrant from Italy was to read Ruperts poetry, they would not appreciate it. Because he writes about Australian issues that only true Australians would understand. So they would think that he has a screw loose or something. The three poems featured in this anthology are "Green and Gold Malaria", "The Tubby Little Trooper" and "A Land of Backyard Cricket". Green and Gold Malaria tells a story of an Australian man who comes home from overseas and goes to the doctor to get the verdict on an allergy he gets when he's witnessing Australians who have done heroic things in there field of expertise. Whether it be the Anzacs in the Anzac day parade or Border making a gutsy ton. The doctor then goes on to tell him that there is no cure for it because it's just "Good Old Aussie Pride". If an immigrant from East Timor was to read this poem they would not understand The message in this poem is that Australians are proud of this beautiful country and the people who live in it and represent it. Throughout this poem there have been three types of poetic devices used. Alliterations have been used in the lines "And Matilda sends me waltzing with a billy-boiling shiver" Billy-boiling being the alliteration. Another one appears in the line "`From the beaches here in Queensland to the sweeping shores of Broome" sweeping shores being the alliteration this time. The last alliteration in this poem appears in the line "The medical profession call it ?green and gold malaria' ". Green and Gold being the alliteration. Another poetic device used in this poem is a personification that appears in the line "Well, the Doctor scratched his melon with a rather worried look". The poet using melon as a symbol for the doctors head. The rhyme scheme used in this poem is AABB. ?The Tubby Little Trooper' tells a story of David Boon arguably Australia's bravest cricketer ever to take the field. The poem is written from a teammates point of view who compares the battles he had on the field to war. I think the purpose of this poem is to reflect to the readers the guts and the determination of this great man has to win. There are several poetic devices used in this poem they are a metaphor, in the line " he is good old fashioned guts. There are quite a few alliterations in this poem. The lines " we are standing sure and strong", "This tubby little trooper make his stand", "and I shiver Green and Gold" and "without a word to say" all have at least 2 words starting with the same letter in close proximity to each other. There are two onomatopoeia's used in this poem they are located in the lines"missiles fly and bullets rattle" rattle being the noise bullets make when shot out of a gun. And the other being in the line "when his crashing bat salutes the roaring crowd" There is two onomatopoeia's in this line they are crashing being the noise of bat hitting ball and roaring symbolizing the noise the crowd makes. The rhyme scheme used in ?The Tubby Little Trooper' is AABAAB. This

Orderly Form Essay

Orderly Form Essay Orderly Form Essay Question one: Beneficial: * Presentation of CO2 graphs. * Past and present images raise awareness. * Digital animations of ice caps in Antarctic and Greenland. * Bleaching effects on the coral reef. * Increase diseases and Viruses. * Contribution tips. * Use of animation to show how global warming works. * Sense of humour. * Outlines the main scientific issues. * Save the planet message. Non-beneficial: * Choosing between the Earth or Gold. * Twenty-foot Sea rise prediction in 2100. * Misrepresentation of previous weather events. * Election loss. * Death in family. * Ice-cream melting. * Drowning polar bears. * Publicity journeys. * Advertising website for publicity. * Son’s injuries. Question two: The CSIRO report reveals that the future changes across Australia involve an increase in dry days, average temperatures and vital weather events including tropical cyclones. An escalation of intense rainfall trends is projected and during wet periods the rainfall is likely to be exceedingly extreme. The continuing rise of warm temperatures in the oceans and the atmosphere are contributing to sea-level increase. CO2 emissions and droughts in South Australia are also projected to increase. A legal solution would be stating actions that need to be taken into consideration through law reform of current legal frameworks to minimise the effects upon climate change. Footnote: CSIRO and Australian Bureau of Meteorology, State of the Climate 2012 (26 April 2012) csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Understanding/State-of-the-Climate-2012.aspx. Ibid. Ibid. Question three: Wind power causes visual amenity, noise and health effects, as well as, deaths to flying birds such as the Bent wing bat. It also causes harm to the ecosystem and destroys local communities. Footnote: case study that has Bent wing bats in it. Biomass energy can lead to deforestation. There are

Journal Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Review - Article Example The article has also addressed the interaction terms for poverty and mobility, poverty and heterogeneity, and mobility and heterogeneity are explored as well. The article’s result got from the study holds up the findings from recently carried out victimization studies and earlier studies of ecology using official crime counts. Structural density and family disruption, along with poverty and heterogeneity, are found to be significant ecological variables for mastering the crime rate distribution among neighborhoods (Warner and Glenn, 1993). In this article, social disorganization theory has been addressed intensively. The authors assert that social disorganization was among the prominent theories that explained crime in the earlier stages of this century. This is so because of the theory’s focus on the crime geological distribution of crime and the structural features of the neighborhoods that are related to the crime distribution. The article is also of the position tha t the approach of the ecology the study of crime fell, in the 1970s, out of trend. However, the ecology approach was replaced by more theories of social psychology. The authors say that several reasons for the social disorganization theory decline was in place, especially the devastating criticism that had a lot to do with the reliance of the research carried out on the official crime measures (Warner and Glenn, 1993). The article puts it that although many of the early social disorganization theory empirical examinations got support for its main ideas, the theories depended more on official crime measures (such as juvenile court referrals, arrests, and official counts of crime). It was argued in the article that the official measures of crime had a high likelihood to reflect biases in the official crime reactions because they were intended to reflect true measures of crime. This article viewed crime measures with particular skepticism when applied in relation to the communitiesâ₠¬â„¢ characteristics. Non white and poor neighborhoods were suspected of being vulnerable especially to the inflated crime measures. The article also addresses the empirical support for criticisms provided by recent studies to this study (Warner and Glenn, 1993). Victimization data has also been reviewed in this article. The article asserts that the promise of more accurate social structural effects examination on crime and a social disorganization theory renewed interests came only with the beginning of victimization data. The findings in this article and the data collected enabled for counts of crime separately from any official crime responses, and research social disorganization theory examination using the collected data. The article also says that, though the studies of early victimization explored and examined cities instead of neighborhoods used for the majority of the studies carried out earlier, the findings of these studies nevertheless raised questions concerning conclus ions based on the official data of crime. The results from the studies provided mixed support to the major social disorganization theory variables and questioned particularly the role of poverty. The article reports that Sampson (1985) detailed that mobility and racial composition were related positively to the total personal victimization and that

FEMINISM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FEMINISM - Essay Example is exchange of opinions, but one of the essential parts of this process is also the presence of a certain party that is willing to articulate its position. In other words, speaking for others substitutes the real representatives and has a negative impact on the interaction. There are several elements of the above mentioned process that were addressed in the essay in question. The first on is epistemic location. Alcoff suggests that it is crucial to fully understand the location of a person within the social environment in order to determine whether one is able to be a valid representative of ideas (7). In other words, what a person says might not fully reflect the real state of affairs and, therefore, this kind of information is able to contribute to distortion of the general picture, contributing to development of misunderstanding that inevitably leads to a conflict. What is more important is that the information that is being said by a person with epistemic location that does not give one credentials to do so can hardly be received as truth. Thus, it is highly doubtful that a person who does not belong to a group is able to articulate its views in a correct manner, reflecting all the peculiarities of the position that is taken by it. Another important element of the process of speaking for others is the negative impact that this practice has on the group of people that is being represented. Indeed, on the one hand, this process simply contributing to reinforcing the oppression of this group since it shows that the people are not able to speaking for themselves which enhances the weak image of this group. On the other hand, surprisingly enough, but speaking for other actually silences this group of people, not allowing them to express the ideas that they have in a manner that they would like to use (26). This means that these people are deliberately excluded of the dialogue which harms the way they are represented in the society. As once can easily see,

Cin the Aztec Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cin the Aztec Civilization - Essay Example Much of what has long thought to be true about the long-lost Aztec empire, including their sacrificial rituals involving cannibalistic practices, traces back to the information compiled by a Franciscan monk named Bernardino de Sahagun. Sahagun's work, the Florentine Codex, was a detailed accounting of the cultural beliefs and practices of the Aztec people, designed primarily for the purpose of instructing other Christian missionaries in how best to facilitate the conversion of the indigenous tribes to Christianity. It is certainly interesting, of course, if not necessarily truly ironic that the one of the fundamental doctrines of Catholicism is transubstantiation, or the consumption of bread and wine that has been transformed into the actual flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. An argument can therefore be made that the religious conversion of the Aztecs was ignited in part due to their practices of human sacrifice and cannibalism was instructed by Europeans who themselves practiced a fo rm of cannibalism and whose entire religion is based on the necessity of a human sacrifice. Almost everything that is known about Aztec human sacrifices and cannibalistic practices is, therefore, filt... s have been forwarded to offer an alternative to Sahagun's original observations of Aztec rituals that had been distorted following the original publication due to misinterpretations, exaggeration and the natural human desire to simplify actions one has trouble understanding. Although the Aztec civilization was deemed to be a violent one, the Europeans were themselves no stranger to violence, therefore it was the human sacrifice more than anything else that assaulted their sensibilities. Perhaps s this assault was intensified by the justification and rationale of the natives that it was done in the name of religion. Huitzilopochtli was the Aztec god of the sun, viewed as the source of all life. The Aztecs believed that this source must be kept moving in order to keep it from disappearing forever into the darkness of night and so to accomplish this (Alves 43). The way to accomplish this task had to do with the belief that the sun needed to be nourished with blood; as a result, human sacrifice was a necessary ingredient for prolonging the existence of all humankind. In fact, there is an eschatological element to the ritual in that the Aztecs believed that appeasing their gods not only ensured life, but also staved off chaos. "In most cases, the victim was dressed, painted and ornamented so as to represent the god who was being worshipped; and thus it was the god himself who died before his own image and in his own temple, just as all the gods had accepted death in the first days for the salvation of the world. And when ritual cannibalism was practiced on certain occasions, it was the god's own fl esh that the faithful ate in their bloody communion" (Soustelle 98). Therefore, it was probably not necessarily the idea of consuming a human heart that so perturbed

Security Threats to Banking

Security Threats to Banking INTRODUCTION The research project was undertaken to discover security threats and vulnerabilities experienced in First National Bank Botswana organization and how they mitigate them, this was carried out with the intention of making better and appropriate recommendations to combat them in the future and strengthen their information system and innovate some of their services for better competitive advantage and customer satisfaction. FIRST NATIONAL BANK BOTSWANA BACKGROUND First National Bank Botswana was registered in 1991, as a wholly owned subsidiary of First National Bank Holdings (Botswana). Various acquisitions led to the bank becoming a listed entity on the Botswana Stock Exchange in 1993. Today, they have shifted from being a bank with a predominantly retail focus to one that also successfully services the commercial and corporate market. Today products and services of First National Bank Botswana cover the requirements of everyone, from large corporate companies to small businesses and the individual. As at January 2008, we operate with a network of 17 branches and a total of 89 ATMs around the country. A strong customer focused culture ensures that our products are correctly packaged and accessible to all. https://www.fnbbotswana.co.bw/aboutus/index.html accessed on the 30 March 2010. MISSION To be recognised by all as the most well respected and most profitable leading financial services institution of first choice, building enduring and rewarding relationships with all our customers and amongst all stakeholders through the provision of exceptional customer service well skilled professionalism, reliable and efficient innovative products and solutions by our high achieving, motivated, proud and committed team, enabling us to get and keep customers. VISION We collaborate, support and empower each other through the consistent application of our aligned strategies and shared values, delivering maximum value to our customers and sharing the customer so as to add further value to them. Through this, we get and keep customers. CURRENT MARKET SITUATION ANALYSIS Currently the world was going through recession each and every organization across the globe felt the impact of the economic meltdown. Despite global recession and tough competition from competitors like Barclays bank, Standard chartered, Stabic bank and Bank Gaborone etc, First National Bank Botswana proved to be the most innovative bank in Botswana and it made profit unlike Barclays bank sales which had gone down, this shows that FNBB had increase in sales and market share. According to Imara report, September 2009, FNBB had a growth in turnover; the bank posted a strong set of results despite operating in a challenging business environment. Net interest income grew by 30.6% to P522.90 million (FY08: P400.25 million) mainly driven by a 17.0% increase in loans and advances. Profit before tax and profit after tax increased by 19.5% to P536.90 million and 8.7% to P406.72 million respectively. SIGNIFICANT MARKET SHARE According to Analyst Setlhabi P, 2009 FNBB is one of the leading banks in Botswana with the largest market share in terms of deposits (29.7%) and 2nd largest in terms of loans and advances (27.3%) after Barclays Bank Botswana. The pie chart above shows that FNBB has more market share in Botswana compared to other banks in Botswana. In terms of technology advancement and Information system FNBB is the most innovative bank, it was the first bank to provide internet and cell phone banking in Botswana to customers and it is currently the only listed bank providing cell phone banking services. In a bid to reach the unbanked market, First National Bank of Botswana has launched its new cell phone banking service, enabling banking activities such as balance enquiries, statement requests and the ability to make payments to third parties. Due to advancement in technology and Information system its market share has grown tremendously. FNBB SWOT ANALYSIS Below is a table showing the swot analysis of the First National Bank Botswana, from the table it shows that the bank has more strength, good opportunities than weakness and threats which is really good. PREVIOUS SYSTEM The previous system was manual based before introducing this advanced system, though they had computers nothing was automated customers had to go to the physical bank to deposit money, pay the bills and some of the important information was recorded on papers which can get lost or stolen easily. The system was costly to the bank because they had to use a lot of materials e.g. papers to record information and print the bank statement for customers and you would find that there will be long queues at the bank during the week. Customers could not dream buying items online, they manual system was time consuming and somehow hindered the growth of the FNBB market share. Customers who wanted to open accounts with the bank had to fill the application form, submit and wait for seven working days for their application to be processed and account to be opened. There was nothing like transferring the fund to third party account or interbank transfer the customer had to do it manual at the bank teller or cashier counter. CURRENT SYSTEM (S) The bank has several current information systems in place which has enhanced its performance and productivity resulting in customer satisfaction and convenience hence customer loyalty to FNBB. According to Mr. Edwin M FNBB have the following information systems in use. Online Banking Customers can access the bank account anywhere, anytime as long they have internet access where there are, and they can do any transaction; paying bills, buy online, view balance, bank statement and transfer funds to third party. Cell Phone Banking Now with cell phone banking in place customer do not need to be behind a computer doing transaction, they can access their funds/ bank account by using their mobile phones which is more convenient, fast and user friendly. Its new cell phone banking service, enabling banking activities such as balance enquiries, statement requests and the ability to make payments to third parties. The service is accessible through any handset in Botswana and uses SMS or a menu-based technology for customers to complete their banking transactions, increasing mass market reach and adding functionality to First National Bank of Botswanas (FNBB) offerings. The new FNB Cell phone banking offering is a natural extension from the pioneering beginnings of the in Contact service, said Yolisa Lejowa, FNBB head of electronic banking. Initially the service will only be available on the Mascom network but we envisage activating FNB Cell phone banking on the Orange network as well, shortly. By introducing these systems the bank has saved a lot of money which would be used for stationery in the manual system and the bank saw a great positive impact on their daily activities, long queues is the thing of the past, productivity, efficiency and market share has increased. New customers can even apply for bank accounts online without going to the bank as long as they provide valid details; everything will be processed within a short period of time. Now customers have the bank virtual bank with them wherever they go. Some of the Information systems are; Transaction Processing system Human resource Management system Executive management system INFORMATION RESOURCE AND CONTROL According www.datamonitor.com head of electronic banking (chief information officer) at FNBB has a critical role and responsible for the entire security of the organization, plan and implement technology advancement and innovations to ensure that FNBB stays atop of the market in the banking industry in Botswana. The Electronic bank head critical evaluate the security systems ability to protect bank and customer data. According to Eddie M in interviews response stated that chief information officer overlook the entire organization information system, to ensure that all resources are utilized within the budget and enforce higher security in the system to ensure business continuity. This is achieved by defining, updating, implementing IT strategy and align IT objectives and programs to enterprise objectives and strategies. By applying the above critical roles result in data privacy and confidentially, data integrity, authentication, non-repudiation. The head of electronic banking of FNBB set security privileges in the organization to ensure that certain areas and information is only accessed by authorized personnel or user. He carries out and enforces comprehensive security policy in the organization. According to www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/1999/FIL9968b.doc A comprehensive information security policy should outline a proactive and ongoing program incorporating three components; Prevention Detection Response E-banking services must be delivered on a consistent and timely basis in accordance with high customer expectations for a constant and rapid availability and potential high transaction demand. The bank must be able to deliver online banking services to all end-users and be able to maintain such availability in all circumstances. ORGANISATION SECURITY SYSTEM RISK System risk is a potential problem, situation that if it materializes, may adversely affect the business operation or system operation. http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/ . According to Eddie M 26 March 2010 Interviews. The use of information system which is online banking and cell phone banking has brought some risks and threats which are as follows; information theft, hacking of the system, System Failure due to hardware problem or power failure even software crushing, backup gets corrupted sometimes. The above table summarizes the system risks that exist with the use of information system; some of the risks are intentional were the user or unauthorized person get to do some modification in the system database/ some system components which will compromise availability or integrity of the data produced, processed. Some of the threats are accidental where by the user discloses his/her online banking details leading to account hacking and money theft. Network malfunction/ interruption is one of the major threats, sometimes network hardware components fails leading to break of data transfer between computers and servers leading to online system been unable to function normal (down). Electricity blackout its a major concern in Botswana because it happens more often resulting in online banking and cell phone banking being inaccessible during the period, as cell phone network goes down during electricity blackout and some electronics components tends to fails as well leading to system failure as information systems are comprised of different electronics components. All the above mentioned system risks and threats are the main faced by First National Bank Botswana. SYSTEM RISK MITIGATION To mitigate risks and threats board of directors and the head of electronic banking must ensure that appropriate security control processes are in place for online banking. (FNBB Report, 2009). To deal with this risks authorization privileges and authentication measures, logical and physical access control, adequate infrastructure security to maintain appropriate boundaries and restriction on both external user activities and data integrity of transactions, record and information should be implemented in the bank. http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs98.htm. SECURITY CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) CCTV is used to capture and monitor all customer and employee activities inside and outside the bank building for security reasons. Youll find CCTVcameras sweeping the perimeter and parking areas, lobbies, drive-up windows and ATMS. Almost everyone who has worked in the banking industry and many customers has used CCTV to prevent and/or identify illegal activity at banking facilities. Video tapes and digital recordings capture the faces and activities of everyone using bank properties. (Pirraglia W). The captured recordings are archived bydate, so prior recordings can be located and used to solve problems and help apprehend perpetrators of illegal bank activity. Most of the banks around the world have cctv installed in their buildings and around ATM terminals, so FNBB use CCTV for the same purpose as explained above, all of their building are monitored by CCTV.

Technology and the Weakening of Human Gene Pool Essay -- Genes Heredit

Technology and the Weakening of Human Gene Pool Technology exists in countless forms. From sticks used to pry apart clamshells, to nuclear plants that generate energy. One thing that all technologies have in common, is that they advance the human race. Technology acts as a catalyst to bring about new world views, fix problems, and bring answers to questions that could never have been answered in the past. Medicinal technologies in particular bring incredible benefits to mankind. With new medical technologies emerging, society must question their morality, and more specifically, how they should be used. Throughout history, medicine has existed in many forms. As the technology of cultures advanced, so did the applications of medicine. In the early 1700’s if a person’s liver failed, they would certainly be doomed to death. Who would of thought at that time that a transplant could of occurred, that a liver from a different animal, or another human being could save that person’s life. Though there were theories at that time of organ transplants, the technology nee... Technology and the Weakening of Human Gene Pool Essay -- Genes Heredit Technology and the Weakening of Human Gene Pool Technology exists in countless forms. From sticks used to pry apart clamshells, to nuclear plants that generate energy. One thing that all technologies have in common, is that they advance the human race. Technology acts as a catalyst to bring about new world views, fix problems, and bring answers to questions that could never have been answered in the past. Medicinal technologies in particular bring incredible benefits to mankind. With new medical technologies emerging, society must question their morality, and more specifically, how they should be used. Throughout history, medicine has existed in many forms. As the technology of cultures advanced, so did the applications of medicine. In the early 1700’s if a person’s liver failed, they would certainly be doomed to death. Who would of thought at that time that a transplant could of occurred, that a liver from a different animal, or another human being could save that person’s life. Though there were theories at that time of organ transplants, the technology nee...

Our Enviorment

The earths population is growing every day. Every second, on average, five children are born somewhere on the earth. This is a growing rate of 10,000 new births per hour, 90 million per year. The world population is currently 5. 8 billion. The current growth rate is 1. 7%, if this continues the population will double in 41 years. The largest populated country is China, and this is by a land sweep. The United States is third in population, India being second. O-zone Depletion is the ozone levels in the stratosphere over the South Pole that are dropping precipitously during September and October every year at the end of the, polar winter. This has been happening since 1960 and maybe earlier just unnoticed. The largest ozone hole was reported in Antarctica in 1997. Approximately 10% of all stratospheric ozone was destroyed in 1997. The loss of ozone is in result of UV reaching the earth in result of one million more skin cancers. The extremely cold winters in Antartica, that cause ice crystals are also a factor in the depletion. Human on Earth release many chlorine-containing molecules into the ozone that are harmful. These things are very persistent and they keep destroying our ozone. Global warming is said to accelerate if the ozone was restored. When one environmental factor is destroyed, another is affected. Burning fossil fuel, agriculture, deforestation, and Industrial processes are all factors in global warming. Many anthropogantic gases cause global warming such as, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Acid Rain is the deposition of wet acidic solution or dry acidic particles from the air. Air pollutants, including mospheric acids that can be transported long distance are all known as acid rain. The air pollutants are said to be affecting the lakes in North America and destroying many forests. Acid Rain also destroys many monuments and buildings. There are many different hazardous things affecting our environment. Many people only look at the murder, deaths, and pollution here on earth that are visible. What people fail to notice is there are many hazards happening to our earth that can not be seen.

Find the Right Word for the Job

Find the Right Word for the Job Find the Right Word for the Job Find the Right Word for the Job By Mark Nichol One of the most effective ways to achieve a rich, expressive writing style is to strive to find the ideal words to express yourself. For example, whether you’re writing a report or a novel, always review your writing to make certain you are using vivid descriptions. Nouns Let’s say you want to describe a box. Before you even get to piling adjectives on top of it, tell your reader what type of box it is: Is it a locker, or a locket? Is it a chest, a trunk, or a crate? Does it resemble a jewelry box, a tinderbox, or a snuffbox? (If a character in a story is secreting love letters or other objects he or she wishes to suppress, the box in question could be metaphorically referred to as a coffin.) Adjectives Plenty of handy words exist for helping readers picture something. There are terms for size, shape, mass, color, and other qualities, including how an object affects the five senses. But there are adjectives, and then there are adjectives. Which word conjures a more arresting image: Bad, or malevolent? Big, or monolithic? Black, or a synonym like ebony, obsidian, or sable that also provides a textural clue? Verbs You’re describing someone walking. But there’s more than one way to walk. Is the person ambling, or scrambling? Strolling, or strutting? Mincing, or meandering? Precise verbs can convey a lot of information, signal your tone (serious or whimsical), and help readers visualize action. Adverbs How does something occur? With the right verb, adverbs are less important or even unnecessary (just as an ideal noun can diminish the need for an adjective), but they can come in handy. Is something said mirthfully, or morosely? Confidently, or confidentially? Rightfully, or righteously (or self-righteously)? Illustrative adverbs help verbs just as coordinated colors please the eye. Collecting Words How do you find just the right word for the job? A thesaurus (one type of -saurus that will never go extinct) is a handy tool for enriching written language, but the most effective strategy is to read good books and articles (online or in print). Amassing one’s word-hoard (a magnificent compound stemming from the Old English term wordhord) is best accomplished organically by osmosis. Read so that you can write writing others will read. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with Heart36 Poetry Terms5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Cruel Intentions Film Analysis (1913 words)

Cruel Intentions Film Analysis (1913 words) The use of flim language can help determine a viewer's response to the ideas, people and issues presented in a film. Explain how this occurs with reference to at least one feature film that you have seen.Cruel Intentions is a movie based on the 1762 novel Les Liasons Dangereuses, a classic tale of sordid mind games in 18th century Paris upper classes. The use of film language emphasises various themes and ideas of love, manipulation, people, trust, betrayal teenagers and most importantly sex. The use of camera shots, camera angles, symbols, colours and music plays an important role in highlighting the underlying themes that the movie upholds. The film has to a certain extent, different perspective on values and attitudes in life by promoting people like sex toys without considering their feelings or their future. Cruel Intentions has a sophisticated style that will also strongly appeal to an adult audience not normally drawn towards shallow teen dramas.Reese Witherspoon at the 83rd A cademy AwardsThe film promotes fresh young faces and a hip soundtrack, but it actually has something to say about life and human nature; it's not just about who you're going to screw at the prom. Cruel Intentions isn't just any typical teen hit filled with nudity and sexual fantasies, it's a movie that shares a taste for cruelly manipulating others, using charm, lies and deception to make others miserable.Kathryn (Sarah Michele Gellar) acts like a "Marcia Brady" in public to maintain her reputation as the student body president, but under this respectable front lurks a mean spirited, coke snorting evil conscience. Her stepbrother, Sebastian, (Ryan Phillippe) is a tad less hypocrite; he also takes advantage of the people around him just for the thrill of conquest. But the stakes are dramatically upped when Sebastian sets out to seduce Annette (Reese Witherspoon),

Facing Poverty with a Richs Girls Habits by Suki Ki Assignment

Facing Poverty with a Richs Girls Habits by Suki Ki - Assignment Example At this stage, when her very wealthy father was a millionaire, and then he lost all his wealth overnight. After all that her world become so cold because she could not imagine that her father had actually lost that entire he had previously owned the shipping company, hotels and restaurants, and the mining business. She goes on to intimately recount how and why they had to flee. Apparently back then, in South Korea, bankruptcy was a very serious crime and, in fact, punishable by one being sent to jail to serve a term, so they had no other option but to flee, without any penny, to America. She vividly remembers how she had to do things that she had never been used to doing, for instance, using public transport, doing her homework without being helped and also how things became seriously messy with no house maids around (Duane, 2008). She had to humiliatingly wheel their dirty clothes to some bleak place-Laundromat for cleaning. While away she noticed some things she had never know n courtesy of culture shock, like the fact that people of different races have different skin colors. Also, unlike back in Korea where students were always bowing to their teachers. It baffled her that students had no respect for the teachers, she explains it by an incident in which a teacher was busy calling the roll call, a male student was French-kissing a girl. Another thing that shocked her was graffiti that covered the walls and the whole concept of having a policeman guarding the gate and checking bags. The writer’s main purpose is to share her agony and tribulations. She wanted to share her experiences of how she lived life of poverty after being used to life full of comfort. Adjusting was not an easy thing because she went into a country that she had never been to and having no option other than mingling with people she absolutely shared no tradition or culture. This kind of essay can be classified as a narrative because it is in the writer’s point of vie w and perspective. She gives an account of her life from her own personal point of view. The kind of audience the writer was targeting could be general audience because the content of the essay doesn’t look like it can be restricted to people of a particular age group, class or creed. The essay has a melancholic tone; this is because from the story one is compelled to experience a lot of melancholy and a great deal of sadness, as well as depression for the writer’s experience. This can be explained by the fact that the essay has some sadness and depression which is of profound thoughtful and introspective in nature (Periodical: English, 2008). The emotional response that I have for this essay is very sad. Sad in the sense that the writer went through a very traumatizing experiences which makes one feel very sorry for her. From living life full of opulence and lavish lifestyle to struggling and having a need to adapt to hard times. The essay of an emotionally touching story which makes the reader immediately not just to sympathise but to empathise with the

Defense Principles in Murder and Manslaughter Cases Essay

Defense Principles in Murder and Manslaughter Cases - Essay Example The essay "Defense Principles in Murder and Manslaughter Cases" talks about the effectiveness operation of Hong Kong's criminal law in murder and manslaughter cases. However, not all unlawful killings amount to the crime. The criminal suspects will not be culpable if the Actus reus and Mens rea of the two capital offenses cannot be proved. Unintentional killing or killing that can be partially or completely excused does not amount murder but may amount to manslaughter. The defense must present their case within these parameters. Despite the similarity between the handling of murder and manslaughter cases in Hong Kong and England, there is a lack of consensus in the former’s application of Mens rea. This was evident in House of Lords A-G’s Reference (No. 3 of 1994) ([1998] AC 245). In the case, the defense resorted to provocation and diminishing responsibility. Provocation should be more clearly defined to shade more light on its use as a defense. Diminishing responsibility, on the other hand, can be entered in cases where a defendant carried out murder due to a natural abnormality in the mind. Insanity is an important, complete defense that often leads to acquittal or lesser sentencing of criminal suspects involved in a murder. Killings resulting from self-defense normally top the list of cases that are argued under complete defense. These have led many defendants to be acquitted of the murder charges they face. Other exceptional cases in which a â€Å"guilty mind† is not proved may attract complete defense.... Killings resulting from self-defence normally top the list of cases that are argued under complete defence9. These have led many defendants to be acquitted of the murder charges they face10. Other exceptional cases in which a â€Å"guilty mind† is not proved may attract complete defence:11 for example, a teacher who kills a child through corporal punishment under parental authority12. In such cases, the defence is the lack of â€Å"guilty mind,† regardless of the murder impact13. In view of this, Hong Kong’s Mens rea as defence should be repealed to weed out chances of a mind that is not guilty employing a lethal response to milder situations14. Medical practitioners can also cite double effect as defence against murder charges preferred against them for deaths caused in the line of duty15. By administering a poisonous pain reliever, for instance, the resulting patient’s death cannot be completely blamed on the doctor because the patient’s suffering may provoke such a remedy16. The law should be repealed to specify that only when the pain is chronic pain should a physician administer lethal painkillers and evade murder charges if his or her actions result in death. The law is clear on whether marital coercion can be an act of provocation or diminishing responsibility. This was witnessed in HKSAR v NANCY ANN KISSEL FACC No 2 of 2009 case, in which, the court overruled the defence on such grounds, arguing that alleged violence in marriage, and impending divorce fails to meet the test for diminishing responsibility. This test should be upheld, because some victims-turned-suspected murderers may have induced their abuse by their partner in some way17. Partial defences Murder cases are normally reduced to manslaughter through partial defence. The verdict on

Path to Spitual Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Path to Spitual Development - Essay Example poet William Wordsworth, whose love of nature knew no bounds, Emerson too, not only appreciated the beauty of nature but also calls upon his audience to experience the impact it has in our lives. According to him, the true lover of nature is one whose inward and outward senses are in harmony with each other and has retained his infancy while traveling through to manhood. He feels that if a person is one with nature, all egotism vanishes and he feels a part of God experiencing sanctity and perpetual youth. But the power to indulge or take delight in it does not rest with nature but within man or the harmony of both. Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862) was the protà ©gà © of Ralph Waldo Emerson, under whose tutelage began his writing career. His works on what constitutes true human and natural value has greatly influenced the later generations of writers and thinkers. Thoreau took a sabbatical from civilization to spend quality time in isolation so that he could think, read and write at his own pace. This particular aspect of Thoreau’s fundamental ideal of living his life â€Å"deliberately† savoring every aspect slowly, had a great impact on American’s in the 21st century, who try to rush through things and achieve much more within the shortest span of time. Thoreau makes an eye – opening statement when he tells us that our lives are frittered away by detail and he calls upon us to lead a life of simplicity and not complication. He compares our life to a â€Å"German Confederacy† and the nation with its so called improvements which are superficial and reduced to an overgrown establishment. He says that man craves for reality whether in life or death, so it is better to lead simple lives, closer to nature so that we would be more close to reality. So both writers, Emerson as well as Thoreau through their writings have given us a beacon of light to lead us through the maze around us giving us forethought and insight into what is good for us and what would

Katherine Mansfield Essay Example for Free

Katherine Mansfield Essay Her feelings of disjuncture were accentuated when she arrived in Britain in 1903 to attend Queen’s College. In many respects, Mansfield remained a lifelong outsider, a traveler between two seemingly similar yet profoundly different worlds. After briefly returning to New Zealand in 1906, she moved back to Europe in 1908, living and writing in England and parts of continental Europe. Until her premature death from tuberculosis at the age of 34, Mansfield remained in Europe, leading a Bohemian, unconventional way of life. The Domestic Picturesque Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Prelude† is set in New Zealand and dramatizes the disjunctures of colonial life through an account of the Burnell family’s move from Wellington to a country village. The story takes its title from Wordsworth’s seminal poem, â€Å"The Prelude,† the first version of which was completed in 1805, which casts the poet as a traveler and chronicles the â€Å"growth of a poet’s mind. †[4] Although the Burnell family moves a mere â€Å"six miles† from town, the move is not inconsequential; it enacts a break with their previous way of life and alerts the family members to the various discontinuities in their lives. Beneath the veneer of the Burnells’ harmonious domestic life are faint undercurrents of aggression and unhappiness. The haunting specter of a mysterious aloe plant and a slaughtered duck in their well-manicured yard suggests that the family’s awfully nice new home conceals moments of brutality and ignorance toward another way of life that was suppressed and denied. [5] As I will propose, these two incidents echo the aesthetic concept of the sublime, as they encapsulate a mysterious power that awes its beholders and cannot be fully contained within their picturesque home. Through her subtle, dream-like prose, Mansfield deploys traditional aesthetic conventions like the picturesque while simultaneously transfiguring, subverting, and reinventing them in a modernist context. The concept of the picturesque was first defined by its originator, William Gilpin, an 18th century artist and clergyman, as â€Å"that kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture. †[6] Thus, a scene or representation is beautiful when it echoes an already-established, artistic conception of beauty, revealing the self-reinforcing way in which art creates the standard of beauty for both art and life. Mansfield presents these picturesque moments in order to demystify them and reveal the suppression and violence they contain. In addition to â€Å"Prelude,† her stories â€Å"Garden Party† and â€Å"Bliss† dramatize the transformation and inversion of picturesque moments of bourgeois life and domestic harmony. While she seems to exhibit a certain attachment to these standard aesthetic forms, Mansfield subtly interrogates many of these conventions in a strikingly modernist way. Through her childhood in a colony, Mansfield also became attuned to the violence and inequalities of colonialism. As Angela Smith suggests, her early writings demonstrate a keen sensitivity towards a repressed history of brutality and duplicity. [7] In her 1912 short story â€Å"How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped,† she questions and overturns the perspective of the colonialist, whose vantage point historically trumps that of the native. The deliberate ambivalence of the word â€Å"kidnapping† dramatizes the conflict between the colonist’s perspective and Pearl’s joyful, eye-opening experiences during her abduction. In a similar way, empire dramatized for Mansfield the way that a picturesque, bourgeois household could suppress alternative perspectives. The Sublime In â€Å"Prelude,† the mysterious, sublime aloe plant disrupts the pleasant domesticity of the Burnell household. Their well-manicured yard with its tennis lawn, garden, and orchard also contains a wild, unseemly side—â€Å"this was the frightening side, and no garden at all. †[8] This â€Å"side† contains the aloe plant, which exerts a mysterious, enthralling power over its awed beholders. In its resemblance to the ocean, the aloe assumes the characteristics of the sublime: â€Å"the high grassy bank on which the aloe rested rose up like a wave, and the aloe seemed to ride upon it like a shop with the oars lifted. Bright moonlight hung upon the lifted oars like water, and on the green wave glittered the dew. †[9] For many writers and poets, the ocean was a manifestation of the sublime because of its unfathomable power and scale that awed and humbled its observers. The aloe’s strikingly physiological effect on its viewers recalls Edmund Burke’s sublime, which overpowers its observer and reinforces the limitations of human reason and control. In his famous treatise on the sublime, Burke writes: â€Å"greatness of dimension, vastness of extent or quantity† is a powerful cause of the sublime, as it embodies the violent and overpowering forces of nature. [10] In a similar vein, the child, Kezia Burnell’s first impression upon seeing the â€Å"fat swelling plant with its cruel leaves and fleshy stem† is one of awe and wonder. [11] In this case, the sublimity of the aloe plant disrupts and challenges the domestic picturesque as it defies mastery, categorization, and traditional notions of beauty. In its resistance to categorization and control, the sublime embodies the part of the ungovernable landscape that the Burnell family cannot domesticate and the picturesque cannot frame. As a result, in â€Å"Prelude,† the magnitude of the sublime interrupts and fractures the tranquil surface of the picturesque by exposing the unfathomable depths beneath it. The colonial backdrop of the Burnells’ yard also contributes to the mysterious, occult power of the aloe. This unruly part of their property hints toward a landscape that eludes domestication and serves as a constant reminder that the Burnell family is living in a land that is not quite theirs and cannot be fully tamed. [12] At the age of 19, Mansfield wrote that the New Zealand bush outside of the cities is â€Å"all so gigantic and tragic—and even in the bright sunlight it is so passionately secret. †[13] For Mansfield, the bush embodies the history of a people whose lives have been interrupted and displaced by European settlers. [14] After wars, brutal colonial practices, and European diseases had devastated the local Maori population, the bush became a haunting monument to their presence. As the Burnell family settles down to sleep on the first night in their new home, â€Å"far away in the bush there sounded a harsh rapid chatter: â€Å"Ha-ha-ha†¦ Ha-ha-ha. †[15] In her subtle way, Mansfield unveils the voices of those whose perspectives are excluded from this portrait of nocturnal domestic harmony. In a similar way, the aloe plant exudes an unfathomable history that is beyond the time and place of the Burnells. Even its age—implied by the fact that it flowers â€Å"once every hundred years†Ã¢â‚¬â€suggests that the aloe exists on a different scale than its human beholders. [16] In its ancient, superhuman scale, the aloe gestures towards the â€Å"gigantic,† indicating a subtle, but implicitly threatening power within, or in proximity of the home. The aloe is a kind of lacuna in the imperial landscape of New Zealand, whose power threatens the colonial household and its control over the landscape. [17] By disrupting and encroaching upon the ostensibly safe domestic sphere, the aloe also echoes the â€Å"unheimlich,† or uncanny, an aesthetic concept explored by Sigmund Freud in his 1919 essay, â€Å"The Uncanny. † The uncanny becomes, in part, an invasive force violating the sacred, domestic sphere and hearkens back to a previously repressed or hidden impulse: â€Å"The uncanny is something which ought to have remained hidden but has come to light. †[18] In â€Å"Prelude,† the aloe is initially depicted as a threatening force that â€Å"might have had claws instead of roots. The curving leaves seemed to be hiding something. †[19] Positioned within the safe space of their property, the aloe is a menacing, ungovernable force that seems to encroach upon it. The plant becomes part of the repressed history of the landscape—a history that is only apparent to Kezia, her mother Linda Burnell, and her grandmother Mrs. Fairfield, who are attuned to the forces below the surface of the picturesque exterior. Violent Underpinnings Beneath many of Mansfield’s picturesque domestic scenes are moments of violence and rupture. In â€Å"Garden Party,† for instance, a poor man falls to his death during the preparations for a much-anticipated social gathering of the wealthy Sheridan family, undermining the convivial spirit of the occasion. In â€Å"Prelude,† Pat, the handyman, slaughters a duck while the children watch with grotesque enthrallment as it waddles for a few steps after being decapitated. â€Å"The crowning wonder† of the dead duck walking hearkens back to Burke’s sublime, which is experienced in â€Å"Prelude† within the confines of the private residence. [20] The sublimity of this apparent defiance of the properties of death acts as a dramatic external force imposing on the observers’ intellect and reason in a profoundly Burkian way. But later that night, when the duck is placed in front of the patriarch, Stanley Burnell, â€Å"it did not look as if it had ever had a head. †[21] The duck’s picturesque dressing—â€Å"its legs tied together with a piece of string and a wreath of little balls of stuffing round it†Ã¢â‚¬â€conceals its violent death. [22] In a similar way, the â€Å"awfully nice† picturesque house is imposed upon the landscape, as if it had never been any other way. [23] Through reconfiguration and transformation, a new imperial order conceals the fact that an older order once lay beneath it. In both cases, the picturesque functions as a way of naturalizing the violent order of domination. As Pat’s golden earrings distract Kezia from her grief over the duck’s death, the duck’s pretty garnish conceals its â€Å"basted resignation. †[24] There is no such thing as a pure aesthetics, Mansfield seems to suggest, as each serene moment is implicated in some act of violence, brutality, or suppression. In â€Å"Prelude,† the good-natured Pat disrupts a pre-existing picturesque scene in which ducks â€Å"preen their dazzling breasts† amidst the pools and â€Å"bushes of yellow flowers and blackberries. †[25] Tellingly, the duck pond contains a bridge, a typical feature of the picturesque that reconciles or bridges the gap between different aspects of the scenery. In this way, the Burnell family’s cultivation of the land by planting and slaughtering ducks disrupts another underlying order. Their unquestioning appropriation of this pre-existing order mirrors the way colonial life disrupted and undermined the indigenous Maori life. Juxtaposing two picturesque scenes that interrupt and conflict with one another, Mansfield questions and unravels the conventional image of the picturesque. This interplay of various conflicting aesthetic orders constitutes part of Mansfield’s modernist style, in which aesthetic forms are ruptured, fragmented, and overturned. As the yard’s landscape bears traces of the Maori past, so the quiet harmony of the Burnells’ domesticity is underscored by deep, unspoken tensions and an animosity that hints at the uncanny. In fact, the only character who expresses any contentment is Stanley, who reflects, â€Å"By God, he was a perfect fool to feel as happy as this! †[26] Yet even he shudders upon entering his new driveway, as â€Å"a sort of panic overtook Burnell whenever he approached near home. †[27] Beneath this veneer of marital bliss and familial harmony, his wife Linda occasionally ignores her children and expresses hatred towards her husband and his aggressive sexuality: â€Å"there were times when he was frightening—really frightening. When she screamed at the top of her voice, ‘You are killing me. ’†[28] Meanwhile Stanley and Beryl, Linda’s sister, seem to have a flirtatious, indecent relationship: â€Å"Only last night when he was reading the paper her false self had stood beside him and leaned against his shoulder on purpose. Hadn’t she put her hand over his†¦ so that he should see how white her hand was beside his brown one. †[29] Dramatizing these dynamics, Mansfield suggests that a â€Å"happy† household outside of town is not as â€Å"dirt cheap† as Stanley boasts; it comes at the cost of servitude, sexual aggression, and a ravaged Maori landscape. [30] Through these layers, which Mansfield subtly strips off one at a time, she artfully exposes the way that an existing political and aesthetic order is not what it seems to be or how it has always been. Her short stories are fraught with their own tensions; while exposing the picturesque as false and absurd, she nevertheless draws on its conventional associations. Similarly, her subtle attempts to question colonial power are embedded in a seemingly idealized portrait of colonial life. Mansfield creates a seemingly beautiful or normal image, such as the happy family in â€Å"Prelude,† â€Å"Bliss,† or â€Å"Garden Party,† and then slowly challenges it through a subtle counter-narrative. In this way, her deployment of modernist techniques is less pronounced than that of James Joyce and her other modernist contemporaries. Just as she challenges aesthetic conventions, Mansfield unravels the reader’s ideas about her own stories by presenting a seemingly beautiful, transparent narrative that is haunted by tensions, lacunae, and opacity. Like the headless walking duck, these fictions of transparency and harmony quickly collapse upon closer inspection.

Role Of The Registered Nurse

Role Of The Registered Nurse Registered Nurses (RNs) provide many different services to health care consumers in a variety of settings. Some things nurses do on a daily basis offer a unique contribution to health care, whereas others can be done by other health team members. Professional nursing offers a specialized service to society. Professional nurses use a broad approach when considering holistic health need of the people they serve. Because of the broad nature of the discipline, nurses assume multiple roles while meeting health care needs of clients. For this reason, this paper would be discussing the role of the registered nurse in health care delivery. We would also discuss the professional standard and expectations for registered nurse. The quality assurance and confidentiality issues would then be discussed. In addition, this paper would explore the responsibility of the employers in hiring new health care staff. This would then include the employers expectation regarding competencies. Finally, a conclusion would be provided in order to highlight important details discussed in the paper. Different Roles of the Registered Nurse Primary Caregiver As a caregiver, the nurse practices nursing as a science. The nurse provides intervention to meet physical, psychosocial, spiritual, and environmental needs of patients and families using the nursing process and critical thinking skills. The nurse as a caregiver is skilled and empathetic, knowledgeable and caring. RNs provide direct, hands on care to patients in all health care agencies and settings. They also take an active role in illness prevention and health promotion and maintenance (Chitty, 2005; Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006; Masters, 2009). Nurse Leader/Coordinator The Nurse Coordinator role is unique. It is a vital part of the multidisciplinary care team for patients and contributes to improved patient outcomes. The core functions of the Nurse Coordinator role centre around the patients physical and psychosocial assessment, care coordination, education and support, from coordinating the patients diagnostic work-up tests to assisting them to navigate the hospital system, and referring them to allied health professionals. The Coordinator is an important resource for the patient and family and acts as a focal point of contact throughout their time in the hospital (ANMC, 2006; Hood Leddy, 2006). Incorporated in this advanced practice role, the Nurse Coordinator is responsible for maintaining clinical competencies and participating in those activities that contribute to the ongoing development of self and other health care professionals. The Nurse Coordinator contributes to the educational needs of clinical nurses and participates in both informal and formal education programs at a national and international level (ANMC, 2006; Hood Leddy, 2006). Patient Advocate The purpose of this role is to respect patient decisions and boost patient autonomy. Patient advocacy includes a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship to secure self-determination, protections of patients right and acting as an intermediary between patients and their significant others and healthcare providers (Blais et al., cited in Masters, 2009). A patient advocate is mainly concerned with empowering the patient through the nurse-patient relationship. The nurse represents the interests of the patient who has needs that are unmet and are likely to remain unmet without the nurses special intervention. The professional nurse speaks for the patients interest as if the patients interests were the nurses own (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006; MacDonald, 2006: Masters, 2009). Nurse Educator Nurse educators teach patients and families, the community, other health care team members, students and businesses. In hospital settings as patient and family educators, nurses provide information about illnesses and teach about medications, treatments and rehabilitation needs. They also help patients understand how to deal with the life changes necessitated by chronic illnesses and teach how to adapt care to the home setting when that is required (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006). Nurse as Collaborator Collaboration is important in professional nursing practice as a way to improve patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary teams require collaborative practice, and nurses play a key role as both team members and team leaders. To fulfill a collaborative role, nurses need to assume accountability and increased authority in practice areas. Collaboration requires that nurses understand and appreciate what other health professionals have to offer. They must also be able to interpret to others the nursing needs of patients. Collaboration with patients and families is also essential. Involving patients and their families in the plan of care from the beginning is the best way to ensure their cooperation, enthusiasm and willingness to work toward the best patient outcome (Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006). Nurse Practitioner A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse educated and authorized to function autonomously and collaboratively in an advanced and extended clinical role. The nurse practitioner role includes assessment and management of clients using nursing knowledge and skills and may include but is not limited to, the direct referral of patients to other health care professionals, prescribing medications and ordering diagnostic investigations. The nurse practitioner role is grounded in the nursing professions values, knowledge, theories and practice and provides innovative and flexible health care delivery that complements other health care providers. The scope of practice of the nurse practitioner is determined by the context in which the nurse practitioner is authorized to practice. (ANMC, 2006; Carryer, Gardner, G., Dunn, Gardner, A., 2007). Professional Standards and Expectations for Registered Nurses Standards within a professional practice are known as statements of an authoritative nature through which the profession to which they relate to provide a unique description of the responsibilities of all practitioners within that profession (Campbell Mackay, 2001). Further, the standards and expectations are in place to ensure that all practitioners are also accountable for the work and duties they perform. When it comes to nursing, this is done in order to create boundaries and to provide a level of care that is equitable for all patients. Further, the priorities and values of nurses must be common to each nurse within the profession, and the standards and expectations outlines this as such (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, Fitzgerald, Wash, Borbasi, 2002; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Schiemann, 2007; Furaker, 2008). While standards will vary in specifics across nursing specializations, and across countries, there is a general mindset as to what is expected of nurses in terms of expectations and standards. They are intended to provide daily guidance to nurses as they practice. Accountability, ethics, competence, knowledge, and the practical application of knowledge are key elements that are common to all nursing standards and expectations (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, et al., 2002; AACN, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Schiemann, 2007; Furaker, 2008 ). Nurses are required to be held accountable for every action that they take on a daily basis. This requires constant documentation of every element of their daily job, and following a chain of command within their select position. They are also required to maintain ethical standards within their practice, and to follow all ethical guidelines as set forth by their governing body of nursing. Furthermore, nurses are expected to have a set amount of knowledge before they enter the field of practitioner work, and with that knowledge set come an expectation of competence and practical application. Nurses are expected to be competent in their knowledge base such that they know and understand what they are supposed to in the medical field, and also, are supposed to know how to apply that knowledge in a practical manner (Campbell Mackay, 2001; Pearson, et al., 2002; AACN, 2003; ANMC, 2006, 2008). Quality Assurance Quality Assurance is another issue that is common across all standards and expectations for nurses. Through this, quality assurance standards ensure that nurses are practicing with quality efforts which in itself promote their competence and practical applications. This will require continuous education on the part of the individual nurse, as quality assurance standards across many medical centers, cities, and countries are in a constant state of evolution. It is the responsibility of the nurse practitioner to understand their quality assurance expectations at all times (Ellis Hartley, 2004; Hood Leddy, 2006). Confidentiality Confidentiality is another element of most standards and expectations for nurses. This is a requirement that nurses do not have an option to practice or not. Legislation and privacy concerns are in effect all across the globe, and nurses have the expectation that they will maintain confidential and private information for their patients within the patient doctor realm. Patients use medical services under the understanding that their information and medical records are not being seen by the wrong person, or found in the wrong hands, and because nurses have the most contact between patient and doctor, these are standards of paramount significance to the nursing profession (Deshefy-Longhi, Dixon, Olsen, Grey, 2004, Ellis Hartley, 2004; Chitty, 2005; ANMC, 2006, 2008; Masters, 2009). Employers Responsibility in Hiring New Health Care Staff The employer of an organization has an inherent duty to employ competent staff. This is not only cost-effective on the part of the employer but also guarantee in some ways that the products and services provided by the organization are competently given to the end-users. In the context of health care employees, such as the RNs there is an accreditation scheme to ensure the capacity of the RNs to carry out his/her job. In this manner, the employers responsibility to screen the professional capacity of the RN is significantly simplified. Seeking only the certification of the newly hired RN will guarantee that he/she has satisfied the minimum requirements of training, licensure, and communication proficiency to carry out his/her role as health professional. Having the employer check the credentials of the newly hired RN as well as his/her certification with authorities will allow the employer to measure the RN capability to perform his/her jobs in the organization (Ellis Hartley, 2004; Hart, Olson Fredrickson, McGovern, 2006). Employers Expectations Regarding Competencies Registered nurses should appraise their strengths, weaknesses and preferences. The RNs must ensure that there is a good match between their abilities and employers expectations. Ellis and Hartley (as cited in Chitty, 2005) suggest that RNs examine themselves in seven areas in which employers have expectations. Theoretical knowledge should be adequate to provide basic patient care and to make clinical judgments. Employers expect RN to be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of patient problems, such as an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion, and take the appropriate nursing action, that is, discontinue the transfusion. They are expected to know potential problems related to various patients conditions. (p. 212) The ability to use the nursing process systematically as a means of planning care is important. Employers evaluate nurses understanding of the phases of the process: assessment, analysis, nursing diagnosis/outcome identification, planning, intervention and evaluation. They expect nurses to ensure that all elements of a nursing care plan are used in delivering nursing care and that there is documentation in the patients record to that effect. (p. 213) Self-awareness is critically important. Employers ask prospective employees to identify their own strengths and weaknesses. They need to know that new nurses are willing to ask for help and recognize their limitations. New graduates who are unable or unwilling to request for help pose a risk to patients-a risk that employers are unwilling to accept. (p. 213) Documentation ability is an increasingly important skill that employers value. Employers expect RN to recognize what patient data should be charted and to know that all nursing care should be entered in patient records. (p. 213) Work ethic is another area in which employers are vitally interested. Work ethic means that prospective RN employees understand what is expected of them and are committed to providing it. Employers expect new graduates to recognize that the most desirable positions and work hours do not usually go to entry-level workers in any field. In the nursing profession, a nurse cannot leave work until patient care responsibilities have been turned over to a qualified replacement; therefore, being late to work or â€Å"calling in sick â€Å" when not genuinely incapacitated are luxuries professional nurses cannot afford. (p. 213) Skill proficiency of new graduates varies widely, and employers are aware of this. Most large facilities now provide fairly lengthy orientation periods, during which each nurses skills are appraised and opportunities are provided to practice new procedures. In general, smaller and rural facilities have less formalized orientation programs, and earlier independent functioning is expected. (p. 213) Speed of functioning is another area in which new nurses vary widely. By the end of a well-planned orientation period, the new graduate should be able to manage the average patient load without too much difficulty. Time management is a skill that is closely related to speed of functioning. The ability to organize and prioritize nursing care for a group of patients is the key to good time management. (p. 214) Conclusion Through time nurses have advanced their roles into various spheres of practice, and this progression seems set to continue as healthcare continues to evolve. Whatever the reason, central to role extension should be the delivery of safe care to all patients, with the support of the multi- disciplinary team to ensure good standards of patient care. Nurses should ensure that each activity performed when advancing a role should complement the current job, one which they are competent in. Nurses should guard themselves against litigation and carefully consider what they really want to do, as each practitioner is accountable for their actions and should be aware of the legal implications of practice within the process of advancing professional practice. Reference American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. (2003). Safeguarding the Patient and the Profession: The Value of Critical Care Nurse Certification. Retrieved May 5, 2010 from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.library.vu.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4hid=11sid=a5993293-dc81-4e26-93ec-1fec6430d3b1%40sessionmgr4 Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008). Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. Retrieved May 5, 2010 from http://www.anmc.org.au/userfiles/file/New%20Code%20of%20Professional%20Conduct%20for%20Nurses%20August%202008(1).pdf Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2006). National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Retrieved May 5, 2010 from http://www.anmc.org.au/userfiles/file/RN%20Competency%20Standards%20August%202008%20(new%20format).pdf Campbell, B., Mackay, G. (2001). Continuing Competence: An Ontario Nursing Regulatory Program That Supports Nurses and Employers. 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